18 concepts the spec wants you to use precisely, drawn from the Panther database. Read them, then test yourself.
In test mode, tap a concept to reveal its definition.
The concepts
Anti-colonial nationalism(tap to reveal)- Anti-colonial nationalism is nationalism as used by oppressed peoples to fight back against their colonisers. It says: we have the right to govern ourselves and to reclaim our culture from those who occupied and dominated us.Use it: Use anti-colonial nationalism to show nationalism's progressive dimension. Garvey is the key thinker. Contrast with expansionist nationalism. Useful for questions on whether nationalism is inherently progressive or reactionary.
Black nationalism(tap to reveal)- A movement calling for Black people to take pride in their identity and build their own political and economic independence.
Chauvinistic nationalism(tap to reveal)- An extreme nationalism that sees one's own nation as superior to others and can justify aggressive or hostile policies towards other countries.
Civic nationalism(tap to reveal)- A form of nationalism based on shared citizenship and political values: anyone who accepts a nation's laws and values can belong to it.
Conservative nationalism(tap to reveal)- Conservative nationalists see the nation as something inherited - defined by shared culture and history, not by what you choose to believe. They want to protect this from outside interference.Use it: Use conservative nationalism to contrast with both liberal nationalism (civic) and expansionist nationalism (aggressive). Herder is the key thinker. Useful for questions on how different strands define national identity.
Exclusive nationalism(tap to reveal)- A form of nationalism that places strict conditions on who belongs to the nation, often based on ethnicity or place of birth.
Expansionist nationalism(tap to reveal)- Expansionist nationalism is aggressive: it says the nation is superior and has the right to expand and dominate others. This is the form of nationalism most associated with fascism and imperialism.Use it: Use expansionist nationalism to illustrate the dangerous potential of nationalist ideology. Maurras is the key thinker. Contrast with liberal nationalism. Useful for questions on the extent to which nationalists are more divided than united.
Inclusive nationalism(tap to reveal)- A form of nationalism that is open and welcoming: people from any background can join the national community.
Integral nationalism(tap to reveal)- An extreme and aggressive form of nationalism where individuals are completely subordinate to the nation; associated with fascism.
Internationalism (nationalism)(tap to reveal)- Internationalism within nationalism says: nations can be independent AND work together. Free nations co-operate, they do not fight. This is the liberal nationalist vision of world order.Use it: Use internationalism to show that not all nationalism is inward-looking or aggressive. Mazzini's vision of co-operating free nations is the classic example. Useful for questions on what nationalists agree about.
Liberal internationalism(tap to reveal)- The idea that nations should cooperate, respect each other's sovereignty, and work through international institutions to maintain peace.
Liberal nationalism(tap to reveal)- Liberal nationalists believe in national independence and self-government, but based on shared democratic values rather than race or blood. Different nations can and should respect each other.Use it: Use liberal nationalism to contrast with expansionist and conservative nationalism. Mazzini is the key thinker. Useful for questions on the relationship between nationalism and liberal values.
Socialist internationalism(tap to reveal)- The idea that working-class people across all countries share the same interests and should unite globally rather than dividing along national lines.
Culturalism(tap to reveal)- Culturalism says what makes a nation is shared culture - language, customs, traditions - not race or citizenship. Nations are held together by who people are culturally, not biologically.Use it: Use culturalism to distinguish conservative nationalism (cultural) from expansionist nationalism (racial) and liberal nationalism (civic). Herder's Volksgeist is the classic statement.
Ethnicity(tap to reveal)- A shared sense of identity based on common culture, language, history, or ancestry.
Imperialism/colonialism(tap to reveal)- The practice of extending one country's power over others through conquest, settlement, or economic control.
Nation(tap to reveal)- A nation is a group of people who share something important - a language, history, or culture - and feel they belong together. Nationalists say this shared identity gives the group the right to govern itself.Use it: Use the concept of the nation to establish the basis of nationalist argument. Different strands define the nation differently (civic vs ethnic, cultural vs racial). Essential for all nationalism questions.
Racialism(tap to reveal)- Racialism says human beings can be divided into distinct races with fixed, biological differences in ability and worth. Expansionist nationalists use this to justify one group dominating another.Use it: Use racialism to explain the ideological underpinning of expansionist nationalism and its most dangerous expressions. Contrast with civic nationalism and cultural nationalism which do not rely on racial claims.