AO1: Statistics show inequality has remained or worsened in many areas. AO2: Economically, black Americans are still disadvantaged, e.g. black-white wealth gap larger in 2019 than 1983 (Urban Institute & Federal Reserve); average income of black households is about 65% of white households (US Census Bureau) AO3: which suggests that federal programmes to reduce inequality have been ineffective or not made progress as quickly or as much as hoped for which suggests that measures to promote racial equality have failed. AO1: Affirmative action has not always been successful. AO2: Affirmative action has not always upheld in court if it is deemed unconstitutional, e.g. schools in Seattle and Louisville were not allowed to use race as a factor in school admissions to improve integration (Parents Involved v. Seattle School District and Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education) AO3: this suggests it may be used less often in future and that it may have fallen out of favour with a more conservative US society, suggesting that measures to promote racial equality have failed. AO1: Immigration policy has not favoured improving racial equality. AO2: Moves to limit immigration such as Trump’s so-called ‘Muslim Ban’ and the building of the Wall along the Mexican border have increased societal divisions over immigration policy AO3: and led to fears that future policy will erode the rights of immigrants further, suggesting that measures to promote racial equality have failed. AO1: High-profile tragedies such as the killing of George Floyd have continued. AO2: These events have led to the Black Lives Matter movement demonstrate that there is still great dissatisfaction over racial inequality AO3: despite improvements in some areas as noted in point 1, which suggests that measures to promote racial equality have failed. AO1: It is difficult to achieve consensus within Congress or between the legislative and executive branches on measures to promote racial equality. AO2: Funding for projects – whether congressional or presidential – must be approved by Congress AO3: and in a time of divided government or when there is no presidential will for new measures, this may become almost impossible to achieve, which suggests that measures to promote racial equality have failed.

AO1: There were successes related to immigration policy under Obama e.g. AO2: DACA. DACA gave the immigrants brought to the US illegally as children additional rights and protections in law, and despite being rescinded by Trump has since been reinstated by Biden AO3: which is a significant move showing some success by measures to promote racial equality, as Congress has been unable to agree on comprehensive immigration reform for many years. AO1: Moves to limit immigration have not been implemented nationwide. AO2: Some states have chosen to reject federal policy related to enforcement of immigration laws, and introduce ‘sanctuary cities’ instead AO3: ; this is significant as states such as California have even gone as far as defying Trump’s executive order, raising a constitutional debate over the policy, showing some success by measures to promote racial equality. AO1: Statistics show there has been improvement in some areas such as education and employment. AO2: In college education, improvements include 26% black Americans completed 4 years in 2019 compared to 4% in 1962 (US Census Bureau); black poverty rate 18.8% in 2019- about half the 1966 rate (US Census Bureau); black unemployment historic low of 5.5% in 2019 (US Bureau of Labour Statistics) AO3: ; this demonstrates significant improvement and some success in measures aiming to move towards racial equality. AO1: There have been significant improvements in representation in government. AO2: Similarly, there have been moves towards more equality with increased diversity in government, e.g. first African American and Asian American female Vice President 2020; first black female Supreme Court justice 2021, 117th Congress 54 African American, 44 Hispanic, 19 Asian American and 5 Native American members in the House of Representatives (compared to 4 African American and 1 Native American 1961-62); 3 African American, 7 Hispanic, 2 Asian American in Senate (compared to 1 Hispanic and 1 Asian American 1961- 62) (Congressional Research Service) AO3: which suggests there are more opportunities to participate in politics at a high level for BAME candidates, and so some success by measures to promote racial equality. AO1: Measures are still being advanced within federal government. AO2: Biden signed an executive order after taking office introducing a federal programme of equity AO3: which suggests that there is still a need and a desire to further promote racial equality on a federal level, showing some success by measures to promote racial equality.