Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. AO1 the headquarters of both institutions are in Washington, D.C., United States AO2 location of HQ and share control etc. leads to accusations that the organisations are structurally dominated by certain states the president of the World Bank is traditionally a United States citizen nominated by the United States, the largest shareholder in the bank the leader of the IMF is traditionally a European and the US has approximately17% of share votes the ability of the President of the United States to select the World Bank leader leads to allegations of political control and manipulation. the commitment of these bodies to economic liberalism has been reflected in the use of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) as part of the ‘Washington Consensus’ SAPs, it is alleged, inflict more harm than good on developing countries and increase their dependency on powerful northern economies, with an emphasis on deregulation and privatisation and stress on export-led growth pressure to accept SAPs undermines state sovereignty there has been a primary emphasis on economic reform. emphasis on economic reform means that little attention has been given to human rights or to environmental considerations Candidates may demonstrate the following knowledge and understanding (AO1) of international courts and tribunals in regard to human rights protection: there are a number of international courts and tribunals that have been set up to prosecute individuals rather than states the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was created in 1993 to prosecute for crimes against humanity and genocide committed in the Yugoslav wars the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was established in 1994 the Sierra Leone Tribunal has also operated in prosecution of individuals the International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 and the European Court of Human Rights was established in 1959. Candidates may refer to the following analytical points (AO2) when examining the effectiveness of the two institutions in protecting human rights: effectiveness in promoting human rights can be judged through indictments and prosecutions and also through the deterrent effect, though this is harder to judge the ICTY has had a significant number of prosecutions, including high-profile cases against individuals like Milosovic, Mladic and Karadzic the ICTR has had notable successes include the conviction of former Prime Minister Kambanda the Sierra Leone Tribunal has successfully prosecuted the former Liberian president, Charles Taylor the ICC has seen a number of significant indictments but support for the institution ranges widely across the most significant states.