issues than the IMF, World Bank and WTO. (30 Marks) Regional bodies have been involved in a wide range of contemporary global issues which include conflict, poverty, human rights and the environment This is important because it illustrates the wide reach of regional bodies which contrasts with the IMF, World Bank and WTO which are solely involved in economic issues Involvement in a wide range of contemporary global issues would consequently suggest that regional bodies have a more significant impact on contemporary global issues than the focus limited IMF, W Bank and WTO Some regional bodies are represented in key decision making bodies such as the EU which is a WTO member and which attends and negotiates at the G7 and G20 in relation to issues such as the economic downturn in 2008 This is important because it shows that the EU is authorised to make decisions for all member states in key bodies over global issues which include environmental agreements, trade and in areas such as sanctions against Russia etc The African Union is committed to providing for peace and security and stability on the continent and has deployed forces in Darfur, Somalia, Congo and Burundi as well as elsewhere and is committed to creating a permanent standby force This is important because it shows that regional forces are increasingly willing and able to act in areas of contemporary global issues where the IMF,W Bank and WTO have no remit In conclusion, the trend in some regional bodies towards development of a military voice and ability is clear evidence that regional bodies are committed to impacting on contemporary global issues over and above their traditional focus on the economic The European Union has developed a Charter of Fundamental Rights, has funded the International Criminal Court and has led in other areas of human rights development and protection This is important because it demonstrates that EU and other regional bodies are widening the areas of involvement in contemporary global issues and have even replaced state leadership in some key global issues such as human rights and judicial matters In conclusion, increased participation and even leadership by regional bodies in areas of growing global concern makes clear that they are now central players in contemporary global issues 2022 Q3c Evaluate the view that regional bodies have had more impact on contemporary global issues than the IMF, World Bank and WTO. (30 Marks) The IMF, W Bank and the forerunner to the WTO were formed towards the close of WW2, bring economic stability to the global community via advice and economic support and trade management This is important as the IMF, W Bank and WTO have continued and continue to provide advice and economic support today by providing a transparency between states on economic policies as well as loans and opportunities for economic growth In conclusion, the fact that these organisations have been long running and continue to be at the core of economic issues between states, demonstrates that they are vital and that they do have and continue to have a huge impact on contemporary global issues and specifically on the issue states appear to value highly ie economic growth and prosperity Economic concerns tend to be the main focus of political leaders and the global population with lending of billions of dollars to individual states worldwide such as Mexico, India, Iceland and Argentina via the IMF and W Bank This is important because, although regional bodies do sometimes have an economic focus, normally providing for free trade in a single geographical area, they are unable to coordinate economic growth and support at a global level for such a variety of states In conclusion, the IMF, W Bank and WTO are best able to provide for the key area of economic prosperity in global politics and to tackle contemporary global issues globally in this central area of state focus in a way that regional bodies would struggle to match The World Bank and IMF provided economic support in response to the 2008 World financial crisis to countries such as Greece, Portugal Ireland and Hungary and in support of states in the extended period of recovery whilst the WTO provided leadership and hosted economic summits to consider plans for recovery This is important because, arguably the 2008 Global Financial crisis was the most significant global issue of recent years and the IMF, W Bank and WTO were central in helping to prop up and support states during the recovery which followed Without the financial support and advice which the IMF, W Bank and WTO provided during the 2008 crisis and beyond, the global situation could have been far more significant which shows just how crucial the IMF and W Bank are in impacting on contemporary global issues The IMF, W Bank and WTO have been able to intervene to provide economic growth and stability for states affected by numerous contemporary global issues including natural disasters, war and Covid 19 as well as providing aid for climate change adaptation and the Clean Air Initiative This is important because it demonstrates how the IMF, W Bank and WTO may have an economic focus but their actions impact beyond the economic and in a wide array of contemporary and particularly, global, issues Economic support and guidance in a growing number of associated areas at a global level shows that the work and the actions of the IMF, W Bank and WTO have an impact beyond the regional and across a wider range of areas than the purely economic which demonstrates how they impact significantly on contemporary global issues 2 Candidates may demonstrate between states whereas the following knowledge and liberals see international understanding (AO1) of the organisations as divisions that exist between encouraging cooperation Conservatism core ideas and realists and liberals over the ground rather than be principles and how they relate to impact of international oppressed by a hegemon or Hobbes-and the consequences of this organisations and the find themselves forever in for the state system and for significance of states (but competition and therefore likelihood of cooperation, his negativeSection C accept any other valid liberals are far more optimistic Guidelines for Marking Essay Question responses) : about international AO1 (10 marks) Candidates may refer to the organisations having an Marks here relate to knowledge and understanding. It should be used to underpin following analytical points (AO2) to impact analysis (AO2) and evaluation (AO3) examine the divisions that exist • Realists believe that states AO2 (10 marks) between realists and liberals over are the predominant Candidates should form analytical views which support and reject the view presented the impact of international actors in global politics by the question organisations and the significance and that sovereignty is AO3 (10 marks) of states (but accept any other their main feature Candidates are expected to evaluate the information and arguments presented. They valid responses) : whereas liberals see a may rank the importance of the prior analysis. They should be able to make and form • Realists are sceptical growing role for non-state judgments and they should reach reasoned conclusion. about international actors Candidates must consider both views in their answers in a balanced way. organisations as they • The realist view of states as The judgement a candidate reaches about these views should be reflected in their believe that states are self- the predominant actor in conclusion. absorbed whereas liberals global politics is at odds with human nature, the state, society are more optimistic the liberal view that the power and the economy • The realist view of of the state is in decline as view of human nature and the international organisations international organisations, dangers to civil society suggests that they are far less non-state actors and Socialism core ideas and how likely to be effective and to globalisation all continue to they relate to human nature, the have an impact than the erode state power and state, society and the economy. liberal view which is based on influence and therefore lesson Greater optimism on human nature the value of complex state impact linked to the natural relationship interdependence and suggests • Realists believe that the among humans being cooperation they can be effective nature of government of and work for the common good – Marx - which makes the idea of a • Realists believe in zero states is irrelevant as global society and cooperation likely. sum theory that states are states all have the same Liberalism core ideas and how power maximisers, set to objectives in an anarchical they relate to human nature, the take advantage of other system where survival is state, society and the economy. states where possible the key objective whereas Emphasis on the benefits of mutual whereas liberals believe liberals see type of cooperation from both an economic that states see the benefit government as important and practical position – Locke. in working together • The realist view that the • The realist view of zero sum nature of government of theory is at odds with the states is irrelevant is at odds liberal view that states can with the liberal view that the gain more by working together nature of government of than by competing and that states is crucial as seen in the states are focused on ‘democratic peace thesis’ and absolute, not relative, gains republican liberalism where which means that liberals are war is considered less likely far more optimistic about between states as the number state cooperation and the of democracies grows impact on international organisations • Realists believe that, at best, international organisations exist for the global hegemon to impose their aims and objectives on others or exist as a forum for competition • The realist view is at odds with the liberal view that international organisations are a forum for debate and diplomacy, where states can build trust and find common