AWARDED: Some excellent examples with pleasing knowledge and analysis. Key differentiator was extent to which candidates tackled both significance of states and impact of international organisations. MISSED: Some responses missed opportunity to make synoptic points, failing to access Level 4. ADVICE: \"A key differentiator with this question was the extent to which candidates were able to tackle both the significance of states and the impact of international organisations rather than just one of the two elements.\" KEY PRINCIPLE (from ER 2025, applicable to all questions): Address the question directly. For this question, define the realist and liberal positions clearly before comparing them. Structure around specific concepts where they diverge (e.g. human nature, state sovereignty, cooperation, conflict). ANALYSE TECHNIQUE: This is a 12-mark question requiring you to break the topic into its component parts and explain how they relate. Use theoretical frameworks (realist vs liberal, etc.) to structure your analysis. Specific examples strengthen your argument. EXAMINER RECOMMENDATIONS (from ER 2025, applicable to all questions): 1. ANSWER THE QUESTION ASKED: Focus on the specific analytical comparison demanded. Break down the topic systematically rather than giving a general overview. If the question asks how X and Y differ, structure around the points of difference. 2. CONSIDER BOTH PERSPECTIVES: Even in a 12-mark question, demonstrating that you understand the different theoretical positions (e.g. realist vs liberal) and can compare them strengthens your analysis. 3. USE EVIDENCE EFFECTIVELY: Support your analytical points with specific examples, named theorists or concrete cases. Abstract analysis without evidence stays in the lower mark bands. 4. VALUE TIMED PRACTICE: The more practice you have of responding in exam conditions, the better you will perform. For the final question on each paper, time pressure is real -- practise to a strict timer.