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Paper 2 Ideology · Sample · 24 marks
To what extent does nationalism support self-determination for all nations? (24 marks)
Non-Core Ideologies: Nationalism
Mark scheme: agreement
AO1 Liberal nationalism supports self-determination as a universal right for all nations (Mazzini) and supports self-determination for nations, to ensure peace and international order (Rousseau). AO2 Liberal nationalism and anti/post-colonial nationalists agree that self-determination is crucial for nation states to develop and form their own identity. [IJ] Therefore this shows that there is a desire to agree on the basic fundamentals of self-determination and that both strands can work together to support this common goal. AO1 Conservative nationalists believe self-determination provides stability and continuity within the nation (Herder). AO2 Conservative and liberal nationalists agree that self-determination promotes peace and order by allowing nations to decide what is in their own best interest, which avoids conflicts with other nations as independent nation states tend to respect other nation-states. [IJ] This clearly shows that both strands can agree on fundamental aspects of self-determination and that independent nation-states have a positive aspect on society. AO1 Anti/post-colonialist nationalists see self-determination as the way to break free from imperialist domination (Garvey). AO2 Anti/post-colonialist nationalists and liberal nationalists agree that self-determination is the way to break free from imperialist domination (Garvey), believing self-determination advances freedom by rejecting the right of colonial powers to oppress their colonies for selfish advantage. [IJ] Consequently this unifying belief draws the two strands together as they have a common understanding of self-determination as a liberating force.
Mark scheme: disagreement
AO1 Expansionist nationalism does not support self-determination for all nations, believing that only some nations warrant it (Maurras). AO2 Expansionist nationalism, because of its chauvinist views, is the only form of nationalism that rejects self-determination for all nations and is usually the perpetrator of imperialism. [IJ] Thus expansionist nationalists fundamentally disagree with other nationalists on the notion of self-determination for all, both sides believing that their own vision will create a better world, and shows a clear difference in the type of future society they want, which does not seem to lend itself to any likely agreement. AO1 Conservative nationalism recognises the importance of self-determination as a way of binding the nation together without seeing it as necessary for all nations. AO2 Conservative nationalists' support for self-determination is more limited than liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalists as they are less concerned with the rights of other nations and more concerned with the cohesion of their own nation-state. [IJ] Therefore there is some justification in saying that on an important level there is disagreement in the extent to which, and reasons why, they support self-determination and this is likely to continue. AO1 Expansionist nationalism sees society as an unending struggle between nations as survival of the fittest. AO2 Expansionist nationalism rejects the right of universal self-determination, as it sees society as a struggle between stronger nations and weaker nations, usually leading to war. [IJ] Consequently this level of disagreement is fundamental, showing that expansionist nationalists have totally different attitudes to self-determination (Maurras), that this is an important distinction between them and that disagreement is wide.
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