AO1 Liberal multiculturalists would argue that diversity is valuable by bringing to society a life and vitality that is good for everyone, and they endorse shallow diversity. AO2 Many liberal multiculturalists support diversity as it brings society more life and vitality as it creates cross-cultural dialogue and embeds a willingness to respect difference. [IJ] This support for diversity is limited to cultural practices, views and values that are compatible with liberal democracy and individual rights. AO1 Pluralist multiculturalists see individual identity as embedded in cultural context and they endorse deep diversity. AO2 Many pluralist multiculturalists support diversity as individual identity is embedded in cultural context so respect for the individual must entail respect for their cultures and values. [IJ] Consequently this is the basis for deep diversity as argued by Parekh, which extends far beyond the shallow diversity of liberal multiculturalists. AO1 Cosmopolitan multiculturalists view diversity as important in providing multiple identities. AO2 Cosmopolitan multiculturalists support diversity as it provides multiple cultural identities, from which individuals can mix and match in cultural hybridisation and become global citizens. [IJ] Thus this support for diversity is weaker as it is more about providing identities to choose from as a lifestyle choice rather than as a fundamental principle rooted in society and history.

AO1 There are different approaches to diversity because of different views of whether liberal democracy can support diversity. AO2 Liberal multiculturalists are supportive of diversity but are unwilling to compromise the principles of liberal democracy, whereas pluralists argue that liberal democracy provides a framework that restricts diversity and difference. [IJ] This therefore creates a fundamental, ongoing disagreement over the extent of diversity and whether liberal values and liberal democratic structures should have priority over its rivals. AO1 There is a lack of agreement as to how far diversity should extend between liberal and pluralist multiculturalists. AO2 Many pluralists argue that the shallow diversity is confined by the acceptance of certain liberal values regarded as universal, which leads to the position of value pluralism advocated by Berlin, where all ideological stances and cultural positions are of equal merit. [IJ] This creates a deep disagreement over whether different values and cultures should be protected if they are illiberal or oppressive. AO1 Cosmopolitan multiculturalists support diversity but do not regard it as a value in itself. AO2 Cosmopolitan multiculturalists support diversity for a very different reason, as it strengthens hybridity (multiple identities), which promotes a wider awareness of other peoples and the wider world. [IJ] Although it can be justifiably argued that this may lead to the weakening of cultural distinctiveness and undermine diversity, which is seen as valuable by both liberal and pluralist multiculturalists.