AO1 Most ecologists view existing ethics as anthropocentric. AO2 Many greens agree that existing ethics are anthropocentric in that they are built around the pleasure, needs and interests of humans while human actions may be felt by future generations, other species or by the biotic community. [IJ] This creates a deep commitment among ecologists to extend ethics to the wider community in order to protect the environment, and this desire unifies them. AO1 Most ecologists see the actions of humans as having wider environmental impacts, on future generations, other species or the entire ecosystem. AO2 Some greens endorse intergenerational equity because future generations will experience the impact of our present actions, such as the impact of fossil-fuel consumption on climate. [IJ] This leads to a new form of ethics, a key aim for all ecologists, by extending rights to future generations although there is debate as to whether it goes far enough. AO1 Most ecologists agree on the need to move ethics beyond traditional ethical thinking and communities to protect the environment. AO2 Some shallow greens extend rights to animals, as they are sentient beings, and see attempts to place human interests over those of animals as speciesism, a form of prejudice like any other. [IJ] This broadens the ethical community, a key aim for all ecologists, however this agreement is weak as some see it as too broad and some as not broad enough.

AO1 Shallow greens extend human values to those yet to be born or animals. AO2 Shallow greens adopt new environmental ethics based on enriching anthropocentrism to extend human values to future generations or other species, while deep greens adopt an ecocentric approach based on the intrinsic value of all nature (Leopold) as the only way to protect the biosphere. [IJ] This represents a fundamental and irreconcilable disagreement as deep greens refuse to accept any anthropocentric reasons for giving the environment value. AO1 Deep greens argue for an ecocentric approach based on intrinsic value. AO2 Deep greens argue for the transformation to an environmental consciousness where boundaries of the community are extended to the non-human world in the land ethic (Leopold) as the basis of new ethical thinking. [IJ] Social ecologists regard this as utterly impractical, spiritual nonsense that will never be adopted, representing an irreconcilable split in ecologism (Bookchin). AO1 Deep greens argue for biocentric equality/land ethic that broadens the community to include the Land (Leopold). AO2 Deep greens establish the idea of biocentric equality where all beings in the biotic community have equal intrinsic value (Leopold), leading to a new form of ethics that extends to the non-human world. [IJ] This represents deep disagreement, with many shallow greens arguing that intrinsic value is unrealistic, as it views humans as having no more rights than any other member of this broader community.