‹ All questionsPaper 2 Ideology · 2025 · 24 marks
To what extent do collectivist anarchism and individualist anarchism disagree on their approach to the state? (24 marks)
Non-Core Ideologies: Anarchism
Mark scheme: agreement
AO1 All anarchists are united in their view the state must be rejected due to its impact on human nature.
AO2 All states are immoral (Goldman), oppressive and coercive bodies that use their power to corrupt and distort human nature creating greed, corruption and destroying individual autonomy creating disorder.
[IJ] The state must be rejected if anarchy is order is to be achieved so that human nature can flourish.
AO1 All anarchists are united in their view that the state restricts liberty.
AO2 Anarchists see the power of the state as removing the creativity and prospects for liberty (Stirner) and economic freedom (Kropotkin) which are essential for order.
[IJ] Only by abolishing the state can liberty be realised, and order achieved through anarchy.
AO1 All anarchists are united in their view that anarchy is order.
AO2 All anarchists favour a stateless society as they believe that "anarchy is order" (Proudhon); anarchy will allow a natural order and harmony to emerge due to their optimistic view of the potential of human nature, when released from coercive relationships.
[IJ] All anarchists are united in their belief in a peaceful, stable stateless society where anarchy is order.
Mark scheme: disagreement
AO1 There is division over their views on how the state impacts on liberty and human nature.
AO2 While anarchists agree on the rejection of the power of the state, the law, and the police, there is disagreement with the individualist tradition of insurrection associated with Stirner, and the debate within collectivism over the violent overthrow of the state associated with Bakunin or the non-violent ideal of building the seeds of the new society in the shell of the old (Proudhon).
[IJ] This shows very clear differences in how the power of the state and its institutions should be rejected in order to create the new anarchist world.
AO1 There is division over how the state should be overthrown.
AO2 Individualist anarchists advocate the view that the state strips the autonomy of the individual and that social order should be based on the association of free individuals (Stirner), whereas collectivist anarchists see the state as protecting private property and inequality and social order will only emerge from cooperation and mutual aid (Kropotkin).
[IJ] This shows clear differences between the strands over why the state must be rejected and how anarchy as order will emerge.
AO1 There is a division over the nature of the stateless society.
AO2 Some individualist anarchists saw the stateless society as a Union of Egoists based on "ownness" (Stirner), whilst anarcho-capitalists see a society ordered by the market allowing rational individuals to be autonomous whilst collectivists tend to favour some form of federation of self-managing communes based around anarcho-communism and mutual aid (Kropotkin) or mutualism (Proudhon).
[IJ] This shows clear divisions both within strands and between them over the nature of the stateless society.
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