‹ All questionsPaper 2 Ideology · 2024 · 24 marks
To what extent do collectivist and individualist anarchism disagree on liberty? (24 marks)
Non-Core Ideologies: Anarchism
Mark scheme: agreement
AO1 All anarchists agree liberty is incompatible with any form of political authority in the state, society or the economy.
AO2 All anarchists agree that liberty is incompatible with any form of coercive authority as free individuals should make their own choices and manage their own lives (Goldman).
[IJ] The rejection of the state and any form of coercive authority is crucial to liberty.
AO1 All anarchists agree that liberty is critical to human nature.
AO2 All anarchists agree that liberty is crucial to the full expression of human nature, as coercive, compulsory and oppressive relations corrupt human nature (Proudhon).
[IJ] This shows clear evidence that liberty is a central principle for all anarchists.
AO1 All anarchists agree that liberty is crucial to the idea that anarchy is order.
AO2 All anarchists agree that liberty is the mother not the daughter of order (Proudhon); liberty will allow true human nature to flourish, and it is this optimistic view of what human nature can be that is the cornerstone of the idea that anarchy is order.
[IJ] This shows the importance of liberty to all anarchists.
Mark scheme: disagreement
AO1 There is disagreement over what liberty means in practice.
AO2 Individualist anarchists see liberty in terms of self-ownership, autonomy and freedom to determine one's own identity (Stirner), fearing the power of the collective over the individual (Goldman) whilst collectivists believe individuals can only achieve their full liberty through cooperation with others (Bakunin).
[IJ] This shows clear differences over what liberty means in practice.
AO1 There is a disagreement within anarchism over the relationship between liberty and equality.
AO2 Most anarchists support the view that without equality, there can be no liberty (Stirner) for voluntary associations to be entered into and for collectivists, inequality is the key cause of conflict and oppression in society (Bakunin) whilst the basis for freedom for anarcho-capitalism is a free market and private property.
[IJ] This shows clear disagreement within anarchism.
AO1 There is disagreement over liberty rooted in differences in views of human nature in anarchism.
AO2 When liberty is achieved, collectivist anarchists stress the possibility for sociable and cooperative behaviour (Bakunin, Kropotkin) whilst individualists highlight an extreme form of individualism, based on egoism (Stirner).
[IJ] This shows a clear disagreement within anarchism.
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