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Paper 2 Ideology · 2024 · 24 marks
To what extent are collectivist anarchism and individualist anarchism united over the idea that anarchy is order? (24 marks)
Non-Core Ideologies: Anarchism
Mark scheme: agreement
AO1 All anarchists wish to see the overthrow of the state as necessary to create order as the state corrupts human nature. AO2 All states are immoral (Goldman), oppressive and coercive bodies that corrupt and distort human nature creating greed, corruption and destroying autonomy creating disorder. [IJ] The state in whatever form must be rejected if anarchy is order is to be achieved so that human nature can flourish. AO1 All anarchists see the state acting in a way to limit or restrict liberty and economic freedom, which is the basis of order. AO2 Anarchists see the state as removing the creativity and prospects for liberty (Stirner) and economic freedom (Kropotkin) which are essential for order. [IJ] Only by abolishing the state can liberty be realised and order achieved through anarchy. AO1 All anarchists see the state as the creator of disorder not order and believe in a peaceful, stable, stateless society. AO2 The state is the defender and perpetuator of inequality and division in society - government is the creator of disorder not order (Proudhon). [IJ] The state must be rejected for spontaneous, natural order to grow.
Mark scheme: disagreement
AO1 There is disagreement over the process of bringing an end to the state. AO2 While anarchists agree on the rejection of the state, there is disagreement with the individualist tradition of insurrection associated with Stirner, and the debate within collectivism over the violent overthrow of the state associated with Bakunin or the non-violent ideal of building the seeds of the new society in the shell of the old (Proudhon). [IJ] This shows very clear differences in how the state should be rejected in order to create the new anarchist world. AO1 There is disagreement over why the state should be rejected. AO2 Individualist anarchists advocate the view that the state limits the autonomy of the individual and that social order will be based on the association of free individuals (Stirner), whereas collectivist anarchists see the state as protecting private property and inequality and social order will emerge from cooperation and mutual aid (Kropotkin). [IJ] This shows clear differences between the strands over why the state must be rejected and how anarchy as order will emerge. AO1 There is a disagreement over the nature of the stateless society. AO2 Some individualist anarchists saw the stateless society as a Union of Egoists (Stirner), whilst anarcho-capitalists see a society ordered by the market whilst collectivists tend to favour some form of federation of self-managing communes based around anarcho-communism (Kropotkin) or mutualism (Proudhon). [IJ] This shows clear divisions both within strands and between them over what the new anarchy will look like.
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