AO1 Largely liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalism are rational and progressive in their support for civic nationalism AO2 Civic nationalism, drawing on the liberal view that people are rational individuals with natural rights, is built on the principle that individuals should voluntarily choose their own governing authority (Rousseau) and that nationalism is inclusive, open and voluntary, showing that there is a largely consistent view amongst liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalists in a rational and progressive support for civic nationalism [IJ] We can conclude that liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalism are progressive in supporting civic nationalism AO1 Largely liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalism are rational and progressive in their support for self-determination AO2 Built on the liberal, rational view of individuals is the idea that nations are equal, sovereign and autonomous units with certain rights - most importantly self-determination and opposition to imperialism. A world of independent, equal nation states will be progressive, reflecting that there are key strands of nationalism built around the rational and progressive argument for self-determination [IJ] We can conclude that liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalism support progressive self-determination AO1 Liberal nationalism and anti/post-colonialism both seek international harmony believing nation-states should be regulated by international law AO2 Largely liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalism sees itself as rational and progressive as it sees society advancing and improving in the future, promoting freedom and protecting the rights of people whilst being the basis for peace in the world, so there is a common view that liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalism perceives itself as rational and progressive [IJ] We can conclude that liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalism seeks progressive international harmony

AO1 Conservative nationalism and expansionist nationalism is built on a mystical or romantic rather than a progressive and rational view of the nation AO2 Conservative nationalists view the nation as a people with a common linguistic and cultural heritage (von Herder), with expansionist nationalism focussing on a romantic view of common ancestry, both of which are considered regressive, whereas liberal nationalism focusses on civic nationalism (Rousseau), showing there is no common view between conservative and liberal nationalism over whether the nation is a rational, progressive or romantic, regressive concept [IJ] We can conclude that conservative and expansionist nationalism are not progressive AO1 There is not a common view within nationalism over whether each nation has the right to self-determination, considered a key element of nationalism as progressive AO2 Expansionist nationalism rejects the right of all nations to self-determination whilst liberal and anti/post- colonial nationalists are concerned with the rights of all nations (Mazzini) to self-determination, showing that expansionist nationalism is opposed to the progressive view of self-determination constructed by liberal nationalism [IJ] We can conclude that expansionist nationalism is not progressive AO1 Some types of expansionist nationalism breed feelings of intense patriotism and are considered chauvinistic, often leading to war and conquest (Maurras) AO2 Conservative nationalism is seen as essentially backward-looking and seeks to maintain traditions of the past (von Herder) whilst expansionist nationalism seeks to return aspects of society to a glorious, prior position (Maurras), often restricting or removing rights of people which are seen as a key element of the rational, liberal view of the individual and the state. Expansionist nationalism is often associated with imperialism/colonialism and militarism, so it can be seen that the more rational strands of nationalism consider themselves to be progressive whilst the more irrational/romantic strands of nationalism are seen as regressive [IJ] We can conclude that expansionist nationalism is regressive and not progressive