‹ All questionsPaper 2 Ideology · 2023 · 24 marks
To what extent is anarchism united in its view of the state? (24 marks)
Non-Core Ideologies: Anarchism
Mark scheme: agreement
AO1 Rejection of the state and all coercive relationships unites all anarchists.
AO2 All anarchists agree that any form of state is unjust, controlling, coercive and corrupting (Goldman); coercive relationships based on hierarchy and authority create disorder and shape human nature (Bakunin) to make humanity selfish, anti-social and competitive.
[IJ] All anarchists are united in their rejection of the state and that order can only exist without it.
AO1 All anarchists are united in their view that a society without a state will be one of natural order and harmony.
AO2 All anarchists favour a stateless society as they believe that "anarchy is order" (Proudhon); anarchy will allow a natural order and harmony to emerge due to their optimistic view of the potential of human nature, when released from coercive relationships.
[IJ] All anarchists are united in their belief in a peaceful, stable stateless society where anarchy is order.
AO1 All anarchists are united in their view that anarchy, the absence of the state, brings freedom, and from this freedom order emerges.
AO2 All anarchists are committed to liberty, removing all forms of political authority and hierarchy. Liberty is the mother not the daughter of order (Proudhon).
[IJ] Anarchists are consistent in their view that anarchy creates freedom which is the prerequisite of order.
Mark scheme: disagreement
AO1 There is a clear division between individualist and collectivists over human nature and how order will spontaneously emerge from it when the state is rejected.
AO2 Individualist anarchists see the individual as rational and self-seeking leading to voluntary associations based on self-interest (Stirner) whilst collectivists argue order will emerge due to the social nature of humanity through cooperation (Bakunin).
[IJ] Individualist and collectivist anarchists' views are not united in their view of how order spontaneously emerges from human nature in the absence of the state.
AO1 Anarchists are not consistent in their view of what the order of future society without the state looks like - there is no one blueprint for the future society.
AO2 Individualist anarchists favour the free association of liberated individuals, a Union of Egoists (Stirner) whilst collectivists favour self-managing communes organised around mutualism (Proudhon) or mutual aid (Kropotkin).
[IJ] Collectivist and individualist anarchism is not united in its view of the order of the stateless society.
AO1 Whilst collective anarchists and individualist anarchists are united in their belief that anarchy creates liberty, they disagree over what liberty entails.
AO2 Collectivist anarchists support a view that liberty should be unlimited but can only be achieved through work and the collective (Bakunin) whilst liberty for individualists means autonomy to make decisions in one's own personal interest (Stirner) unimpeded by the common good.
[IJ] There is inconsistency in their views over the nature of liberty central to anarchy is order.
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