‹ All questionsPaper 2 Ideology · 2022 · 24 marks
To what extent do anarchists disagree over human nature? (24 marks)
Non-Core Ideologies: Anarchism
Mark scheme: agreement
AO1 Most anarchists have an optimistic view of human nature or at the least the potential of human nature.
AO2 Most anarchists agree that humanity has been corrupted by the existing state, societal and economic relations (Kropotkin/Bakunin) and when they are removed, then the potential of humanity will be revealed (Goldman).
[IJ] We can conclude that most anarchists agree over an optimistic view of the potential of humanity.
AO1 Social order arises naturally from human nature without the need for a state.
AO2 Most anarchists believe that anarchy is order (Proudhon) and social order occurs naturally and spontaneously, emerging from human nature when existing social relations are stripped away.
[IJ] We can conclude that most anarchists agree that a peaceful, stable, stateless society is possible due to human nature.
AO1 Most anarchists agree human nature is shaped by social relations but humans are capable of changing those conditions.
AO2 Existing traits of human nature are created by the social, political and economic environment and humans can change this environment and therefore change human nature.
[IJ] We can conclude that anarchists are consistent in their commitment to liberty.
Mark scheme: disagreement
AO1 There is disagreement between individualist and collectivists over human nature.
AO2 Most individualist anarchists adopt a view of human nature that is egoistical (Stirner) whilst most collectivists see human nature as social and cooperative (Kropotkin).
[IJ] We can conclude that individualist and collectivist anarchists clearly disagree over the essence of human nature.
AO1 The disagreement over human nature is reflected in differing views of the future society.
AO2 Individualist anarchists favour the voluntary association of self-interested individuals, a Union of Egoists (Stirner) whilst collectivists favour self-managing communes organised around cooperation and mutual aid (Kropotkin).
[IJ] We can conclude that collectivist and individualist anarchism disagrees over the future society driven by different views of human nature.
AO1 There is disagreement over what changes are needed to help change human nature.
AO2 For collectivists, common ownership (Kropotkin) or mutualism (Proudhon) will nurture humanity's social and cooperative qualities, while for anarcho-capitalists the unfettered free market, and for egoists the Union of Egos (Stirner), will allow autonomy to develop.
[IJ] We can conclude that there is clear disagreement about how to unlock the potential of human nature.
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