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Paper 2 Ideology · 2021 · 24 marks
To what extent are anarchists united in their reasons for opposing the state? (24 marks)
Non-Core Ideologies: Anarchism
Mark scheme: agreement
AO1 All anarchists wish to see the overthrow of the state as an immoral and coercive body that must be rejected due to its impact on human nature. AO2 Anarchists see the state as immoral (Goldman) and coercive so it must be abolished due to its impact on human nature. [IJ] We can make a judgement that anarchists oppose the state and wish to see it overthrown. AO1 All anarchists see the state acting in a way to limit or restrict liberty and economic freedom. AO2 Anarchists see the state as removing the creativity and prospects for liberty (Stirner) and economic freedom (Kropotkin) and only by abolishing the state can liberty be realised. [IJ] We can conclude that anarchists are united as they see the removal of the state a step towards greater human progress. AO1 Anarchists see the state as a perpetuator of inequality and division in society - government is the creator of disorder not order. AO2 Hence the removal of the state allows social order to occur naturally and spontaneously. [IJ] We can reach a verdict that unity among anarchists arises to remove the state and create a better society for all.
Mark scheme: disagreement
AO1 Some anarchists feel that a violent removal of the state is the only option - such as Goldman - whilst others would see a peaceful process (Proudhon). AO2 Their premise is that the state is evil therefore it has to meet an aggressive termination. This view is not shared by all anarchists. [IJ] Whilst anarchists agree the state should be overthrown, they disagree over how. AO1 Whilst all anarchists agree on the removal of the state, they disagree about why the stateless society will be a society of natural order. AO2 Stirner advocates the view that the state limits the autonomy of the individual and that social order will be based on the association of free individuals; collectivist anarchists see the state as protecting private property and inequality and social order will emerge from cooperation and mutual aid (Kropotkin). [IJ] There is disagreement over why to remove the state and how natural order will emerge in the stateless society. AO1 Anarchists disagree about the structure of the new stateless society where anarchy is order. AO2 Stirner saw the stateless society as a Union of Egoists, whilst anarcho-capitalists see a society ordered by the market whilst collectivists tend to favour some form of federation of self-managing communes. [IJ] Thus we can see the structure of society without the state is contentious.
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