AO1 Ecologists are united over their approach to understanding society and reject anthropocentrism. AO2 Ecologists take a holistic approach (Carson) to understanding society and our relationship with nature should move away from selfish anthropocentrism. [IJ] We can conclude that ecologists are more united than divided on their holistic approaches to understanding society and its relationship with nature. AO1 Ecologists reject consumerism and materialism. AO2 Ecologists are united in rejecting consumerism and materialism as it links human happiness to material wealth (Schumacher) and see consumption of goods as the end goal of society. [IJ] We can reach a verdict that ecologists are more united than divided in their approach towards consumerism and materialism. AO1 Most ecologists argue for 'sustainable' economies. AO2 Most ecologists argue for sustainability due to the limits to growth so there is a need for changes in the patterns of production and consumption. [IJ] We can form a judgement that ecologists are more united than divided in their support for sustainability.

AO1 There are divisions over holism and anthropocentrism. AO2 There are huge divisions between deep greens who support radical holism and ecocentrism (Leopold) whilst shallow greens support limited holism and enlightened anthropocentrism. [IJ] We can conclude that the gaps between deep and shallow greens are so wide that ecologism is more divided than united. AO1 There are deep divisions over whether radical change or reform is needed. AO2 Both deep greens and social ecologists believe that a radical break with existing patterns of production and consumption is needed (Schumacher), whilst shallow greens believe a reformist approach is needed. [IJ] We can form a judgement that the view of deep greens and social ecology over the need for radical change reflects that ecologism is deeply divided. AO1 Deep greens and social ecologists are divided from shallow greens over sustainability. AO2 Deep greens and social ecologists (Bookchin) favour strong sustainability and the overthrow of capitalism whilst shallow greens favour a weak sustainability that can be achieved within capitalism. [IJ] We can reach a verdict that the views of deep greens and social ecology are radically different from shallow greens reflecting a deep divide in ecologism.