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Paper 2 Ideology · 2020 · 24 marks
To what extent are anarchist views on human nature utopian? (24 marks)
Non-Core Ideologies: Anarchism
Mark scheme: agreement
AO1 Anarchists have a utopian view of human nature in that it is based on false assumptions. AO2 Anarchists, particularly collectivist anarchists who see the potential for humans to be social and cooperative, have a utopian view of human nature believing that this will be the basis of future anarchist society. [IJ] We can reach a verdict that anarchist views on human nature are utopian. AO1 Both collectivist and individualist anarchists believe that human nature is the basis of a natural order. AO2 Anarchists believe that society will have a natural order in the absence of a state. This belief is based on their view of human nature. [IJ] We can form a judgement that this shows that anarchist views on human nature are utopian. AO1 Collectivist anarchists have a utopian view of the potential of human nature. AO2 The belief that human nature is created by the social, political and economic environment so changes to this environment can change human nature. [IJ] We can conclude that by the removal of the state and coercion will change human nature for the good for most anarchists.
Mark scheme: disagreement
AO1 For collectivist anarchists, the state distorts and corrupts our human nature. AO2 Anarchists have complex (Bakunin) rather than utopian views of human nature that it has the potential for goodness and corruption and it is the state and power that corrupts human nature, whereas individualist anarchists see the state as a restriction of freedom and individualism (Stirner). [IJ] We can form a judgement that some anarchist views on human nature are not utopian but complex and even pessimistic where power is concerned. AO1 Individualist anarchists have a more realistic view of human nature than collectivist anarchists. AO2 Some individualist anarchists have a more egotistical (Stirner) and therefore realistic view of human nature which is not based on a social and cooperative nature but self-interest. [IJ] We can conclude that individualist anarchists and collectivist anarchists disagree over whether their views of human nature are utopian. AO1 Collective anarchists, in contrast to individualist anarchists, feel that their view of human nature is rooted in science so is not utopian. AO2 In nature, sociability and cooperation, or Mutual Aid, is the key for ongoing survival and evolution - hence the need to cooperate and work together is natural not utopian (Kropotkin). The removal of the state will allow human nature to flourish. [IJ] We can conclude that collectivist anarchists disagree with individualist anarchists and see their view of human nature rooted in science and so is not utopian.
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