AO1 All forms of nationalism emphasise differences between different nations and groups within societies AO2 Nationalism encourages people to identify their differences from other nations and peoples, emphasises this distinctiveness as a source of identity (Garvey) [IJ] As nationalism emphasises the differences between nations and peoples in society we can conclude that it divides rather than unites societies AO1 Expansionist and Conservative nationalism are more exclusive forms of nationalism which promote divisions within societies AO2 The more exclusive forms of nationalism such as Expansionist and Conservative nationalism emphasise divisions based on differences that have a greater sense of permanence (Mazzini) [IJ] We can conclude that the more exclusive forms of nationalism are more likely to divide rather than unite societies AO1 Expansionist nationalism actively promotes divisions within societies AO2 Expansionist nationalism generates a very exclusive from of patriotism (integral nationalism) which is often triumphant and claims superiority over other groups or nations (Maurras) [IJ] We can conclude that since expansionist argues that some nations are 'superior' and others 'inferior' this divides rather than unites societies

AO1 For nationalists the patriotic bonds that bind us together promote unity within societies AO2 Nationalism is based on the similarities and shared history which unites and binds us together (Herder) [IJ] We can conclude that as nationalism is a force for binding people together, it unites rather than divides societies AO1 Liberal nationalism is a particularly inclusive form of nationalism which promotes unity rather than divisions AO2 Liberal nationalism is an inclusive form of political nationalism, viewing the nation-state as the ideal political unit and a system of independent nation-states, which respect each other's sovereignty, as the ideal international model (Rousseau) [IJ] We can conclude that as liberal nationalism is an inclusive form of nationalism it therefore unites rather than divides societies AO1 Conservative nationalism encourages cultural nationalism which unites people around shared values and traditions AO2 Both conservative and cultural nationalism emphasise the importance of our shared culture which is a force for unity within societies [IJ] We can conclude that since conservative nationalism has a strong emphasis on shared national culture that it unites rather than divides societies