AO1 Some forms of Nationalism are backward looking AO2 Conservative and Expansionist nationalism are backward looking, either historically or culturally (Herder) seeking to celebrate a glorified past [IJ] We can conclude that many forms of nationalism are backward looking, and therefore regressive AO1 Nationalism appeals to the worst aspects of our human nature - fear of strangers or 'aliens' AO2 Conservative and Expansionist Nationalism is often exclusive and encourages a fear of the 'other'. This is not in tune with modern, multicultural and global societies [IJ] We can conclude that as nationalism encourages fear or distrust of the 'other' or 'aliens' it is a regressive ideology AO1 Expansionist nationalism leads to conflict and even war AO2 Expansionist nationalism (Maurras) encourages conflicts between nations and dominance over other nations. This can lead to conflict and even war [IJ] We can conclude that since expansionist nationalism threatens the peaceful co-existence of nation states this shows that it is regressive

AO1 Liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalism is forward looking AO2 Liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalism is forward looking, promoting a more globalised world of inter-dependent nation states (Rousseau) [IJ] As liberal and anti/post-colonial nationalism are progressive and forward looking, we can conclude that nationalism is not regressive AO1 Liberal nationalism is based on a more positive view of human nature than some other forms of nationalism AO2 Liberal nationalism is based on a more positive view of human nature than conservative or chauvinist nationalism. It promotes a more optimistic and inclusive form of nationalism [IJ] As liberal nationalism is based on a more positive view of human nature, and a more inclusive nationalism, we can conclude that nationalism is not regressive AO1 Most forms of nationalism do not support conflict and war AO2 Liberal, anti/post-colonial and even conservative nationalism support a peaceful world order in which countries co-exist in relative harmony [IJ] As most forms of nationalism do not threaten conflict, or even war, between nation-states, we can conclude that nationalism is not regressive