AO1 Conservatives argue that shared values and a common culture are essential for society. AO2 Conservatives argue that successful and stable societies are based on shared values and a common identity and culture. They reject multiculturalism as it undermines this shared national identity creating tension and conflict. [IJ] Conservatives argue that multiculturalism fractures and fragments society and leads to marginalisation, segregation and ghettoization. Therefore they reject multiculturalism AO1 Conservatives argue that humans are psychologically imperfect and need a common cultural identity for stability and security whilst multiculturalism makes difference more visible. AO2 Conservatives criticise multiculturalism for ignoring human nature. [IJ] Conservatives argue that multiculturalists ignore a fundamental reality of our human nature and therefore conservatives reject multiculturalism. AO1 Conservatives criticise pluralist multiculturalism in particular for justifying intolerant and illiberal views and practices. AO2 Conservatives criticise multiculturalism for justifying intolerant, illiberal values and practices such as forced marriage or FGM, as they practise value pluralism (Berlin) and oppose liberal universalism (Parekh). [IJ] Conservatives argue that practices, values or beliefs that run counter to a nation's values should not be tolerated and so reject multiculturalism

AO1 Multiculturalists argue that conservatives try to impose their common culture on minority groups. AO2 Multiculturalists reject the conservative view that minorities should conform to the majority culture as this has failed in practice and ignores the importance of culture and identity to newcomers (C Taylor) [IJ] Multiculturalists reject the conservative criticism that societies should have one culture and that newcomers should assimilate as they believe this is oppressive and will lead to a feeling of alienation, injustice and perception of injustice which undermine the unity of society. AO1 Multiculturalists reject the conservative view of human nature. AO2 Multiculturalists reject the conservative view of human nature arguing that all humans are culturally embedded (Parekh) and their identity is bound up in their culture (C Taylor). [IJ] Multiculturalists argue that the best way to build secure and stable societies is not by promoting a common identity and shared values but by promoting diversity. AO1 Many multiculturalists reject the supposed universalism of conservative values. AO2 Some multiculturalists (Isaiah Berlin) argued for value pluralism, which rejects the view of conservatives (and others) that there are one set of values which are superior to others (Bhikhu Parekh). [IJ] Pluralist multiculturalists reject the conservative belief that some cultural values are necessarily better than others and therefore they reject conservative criticisms of multiculturalism.