Agreement AO1 The growth of spatial leadership. AO2 The growth of spatial leadership where the PM places themselves outside and above their party and parliamentary politics while communicating directly to the people (Johnson during Covid) and being able to voice the real desires of the people against the establishment (Thatcher, Blair and Johnson), AO3 showing that the PM by adopting spatial leadership has now become too powerful. AO1 Personalised election campaigns and claiming a personal mandate. AO2 General elections are increasingly fought on the basis of the brand and personality of the leader rather than party or policy leading party leaders to claim a personal mandate when they deliver election victories for their party (Thatcher, Blair and Johnson), AO3 showing how the PM has too much power and uses this personal mandate to govern in a presidential way and control their party. AO1 The growth of special advisors. AO2 The growth in the number and power of special advisers who are loyal to the PM rather than the party or the cabinet (Johnson and Cummings), AO3 meaning the PM now has too much power and is able to govern in a more presidential style by side-lining cabinet. AO1 The projection of a presidential style in terms of political media culture. AO2 Increasingly the media focusses on the brand, personality and popularity of party leaders rather than the front benches or wider party making politics increasingly Americanised, AO3 showing how the PM has come to dominate UK Government.

AO1: There is no constitutional separation of power between executive and legislature. AO2: There is no constitutional separation of power between executive and legislature as there would be in a presidential system and the PM derives their power from being leader of the largest party in the Commons rather by a separate election and are only as powerful as their party and the Commons allow – see Boris Johnson, Margaret Thatcher, AO3: showing that whilst PMs might be more powerful with large majorities, PMs do not have too much power. AO1: Power is shared with the cabinet. AO2: Power is shared with cabinet, unlike the USA, and whilst there may be a growing number of SPADs, a PM without the support of cabinet will not be the PM very long (Johnson, Thatcher), AO3: showing that the PM does not have too much power. AO1: PMs are now more often than not removed by their party and/or cabinet rather than via elections. AO2: Elections may be more focussed on the brand of party leaders, but party loyalty and policies still matter, whilst Wilson (1976), Thatcher (1990), Blair (2007), Cameron (2016) and May (2019), Johnson and Truss were all replaced as Prime Minister without a general election rather than at elections (Brown, Major), AO3: showing that the PM does not have too much power. AO1: The Presidential style is only possible with large majorities. AO2: The more presidential styles that we have seen have been dependent on the dominant personalities and majorities of certain PMs like Thatcher, Blair and Johnson and all were removed from office without an election, AO3: reflecting that the UK is not moving towards a presidential system and remains a parliamentary democracy with the PM not having too much power.