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Paper 2 · 2025 · 30 marks
Using the source, evaluate the view that it is now time for an English Parliament.
Constitution
Source
This source considers whether the next step in devolution should be the creation of an English Parliament alongside those already established in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The case for an English Parliament
Four equal parliaments would create the best conditions for strong democracies. A healthy constitutional settlement with an English Parliament would support the union by delivering symmetry, stability and national recognition. Symmetry of powers will prevent resentment among those who have received the least devolution, no national recognition and whose laws are partially decided by MPs who they do not elect. The West Lothian Question could become a major issue should a future UK government's majority depend on their seats in Scotland and Wales. Stability is preferable to continuously increasing devolution not only because it stops the threat of independence being used as a bargaining chip in devolution negotiations but also because a clear division of powers offers citizens clearer lines of democratic accountability. National recognition would allow for the long-term growth of English identity.
The case against an English Parliament
England would dominate the other home nations if empowered through its own parliament because of its far larger size. The English First Minister would directly challenge the Executive of the UK whilst an English Parliament would threaten parliamentary sovereignty. It would always be in their interests to pass the blame for anything that goes wrong onto Westminster, and their solution would be more money and more powers for themselves leading to the breakup of the UK. An English Parliament would not really bring power closer to the people while governing more than four-fifths of the same territory as Westminster. Another argument against an English Parliament is that the West Lothian Question is exaggerated because few House of Commons votes since devolution have been decided by Scottish MPs. Lastly there is no strong desire for an English Parliament with an increasing number of Metro Mayors a more appropriate solution for English devolution.
Mark scheme: agreement
Agreement AO1 Symmetry of powers will prevent resentment. AO2 By giving England symmetry of powers with other nations, it will prevent growing resentment over transfers of funds and powers to the existing devolved institutions, especially if all four devolved parliaments have equal powers, AO3 showing that an English Parliament is needed to keep UK democracy healthy. AO1 A division of powers offers citizens clearer lines of democratic accountability. AO2 A division of powers offers citizens clearer lines of democratic accountability bringing decision making closer to the people of England and improving the ability to pass laws and create policy that benefits England specifically, AO3 showing that an English Parliament is now required to upgrade UK democracy which is struggling with a democratic deficit. AO1 National recognition is required to help support an English identity. AO2 There is currently a lack of recognition of England in the current settlement as the only nation without its own parliament, in order to strengthen a sense of English identity, AO3 showing that that it is now time to respect the democratic need for an English Parliament. AO1 The West Lothian Question could become a major issue. AO2 The West Lothian Question remains a major issue, especially since EVEL was abolished, and this could explode if a government’s majority rested on seats in Scotland and Wales, AO3 showing that it is time to act not before this becomes a serious constitutional issue.
Mark scheme: disagreement
Disagreement AO1 England would dominate the other home nations if empowered through its own parliament. AO2 England would dominate the other home nations if empowered through its own parliament challenging the authority of the PM, Cabinet and Westminster whilst also potentially undermining the powers of the other devolved institutions, AO3 showing that an English Parliament would be a real threat to democracy in the UK. AO1 An English Parliament would seek more money and more powers for themselves leading to the breakup of the UK. AO2 An English Parliament would transfer blame for policy failing onto Westminster, and constantly demand more powers and money for itself eventually leading to the break-up of the UK, AO3 reflecting that an English Parliament would be a danger to the UK. AO1 An English Parliament would not really bring power closer to the people. AO2 An English Parliament would not really bring power closer to the people, as England is so large in terms of population and size, instead it would replicate the issues of representation in Westminster and create confused lines of accountability over which Parliament was responsible for which issue, AO3 reflecting that an English Parliament would create more problems than it would resolve and that Metro Mayors may be a better solution. AO1 The West Lothian Question is exaggerated and there is no strong desire for an English Parliament. AO2 Since 1997 the West Lothian Question has limited impact on the making of law in the UK, whilst it is not seen as a major issue by the public, whilst attempts to rollout regional devolved assemblies and Metro Mayors reflect public indifference to the whole issue, AO3 showing that it is not time for an English Parliament.
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