AO1: Labour remains deeply divided over its historical legacy and past between ‘Old Labour’ and ‘New AO2: This is reflected in ‘Old Labour’ policy, for example on taxation or renationalisation. However, in recent times the party adopted the policies and views of the Third Way as ‘New Labour’. This gave competing views of its strategic direction. AO3: We can conclude that these fundamental tensions remain at the core of the party today. AO1: Labour has also been divided over the leadership, leading to further splits. AO2: Similarly from 1997 to 2007 leadership rivalry existed between Blair and Brown AO3: We can conclude that the divisions in leadership, and over leaders’ policies, are continued manifestations of the ideological split in the party. AO1: There is a clear and continuing division within Labour over elements of foreign policy. AO2: A significant split arose in the Labour Party over its stance on EU membership and divisions in the party created a period of dithering on which stance to take AO3: Gaza, and how to engage President Trump - remain AO1: By contrast the Conservatives have consistently shown the ability to ultimately unite. AO2: In contrast the Conservatives showed a remarkable unity on Brexit during the 2019 election, and indeed are currently united in opposing many labour policies AO3: Thus, we can conclude that the Conservatives have a stronger tradition than Labour in overcoming disunity

AO1: The Conservative Party has been split since 1979 over its commitment to One Nation policies or the New Right, and these divisions still remain relevant today. AO2: One Nation sections. For much of its history One Nation was dominant but Mrs Thatcher moved the party in a different direction. The party has had ideological division since her departure and leaders claimed to represent both traditions. AO3: We can conclude that as these two traditions are in many ways incompatible that this created a fundamental divide which persists today. AO1: The issue of Europe and in particular membership of the EU has plagued the Conservative Party since the 1990s. AO2: Since the 1990s the party has had fundamental splits over Europe, originally the Eurosceptics were a minority but since 2010 they became the dominant section of the party. AO3: This anti-European trend continues as sections of the Conservative party wish to leave the ECHR and revoke the HRA, and disagree about the impact of Brexit – hence divides over Europe for the party continue. AO1: Policy divisions still permeate the party over issues such as immigration, taxation, and its green agenda. AO2: The party has clear divides and tensions over key policy areas: it cites green credentials but has opened up new sites for the extraction of more fossil fuels and is divided on ‘net zero’. It is divided over how immigration should be handled and has problems with simultaneously providing public service improvements and tax cuts. AO3: We can conclude that the party is at a crossroads and uncertain how to structure its flagship policies and create a new political agenda. AO1: By contrast Labour was remarkably united during the 2024 election, and largely since, whilst the AO2: Whilst the Conservatives struggled to unite in the 2024 election, and there is already talk of replacing Badenoch, Labour showed strong unity in the election campaign and there are currently no serious rivals to Starmer AO3: Conservatives and disunited Labour’ has been reversed