Paper 1 Core Ideologies · 2023 Mock · 24 marks
To what extent is conservatism more united than divided? (24 marks)
Core Ideologies: Conservatism
Mark scheme: agreement
AO1: All conservatives have a clear commitment to a strong state to enforce law and order.
AO2: Conservatives desire a strong state willing and able to restrict certain freedoms if required. All conservatives stress the need for law and order above all else for society to function (Hobbes).
AO3: We can conclude therefore that there is agreement within conservatism over the role of the state to uphold law and order.
AO1: Most conservatives take a view that human nature is limited and imperfect - essentially flawed.
AO2: Traditional and One Nation conservatives view humans as being weak, vulnerable, and imperfect. Humans have to be guided to make the 'right' decisions (Hobbes, Oakeshott).
AO3: This leads to the verdict that there is agreement between some strands of conservatism over human nature.
AO1: Most conservatives support a capitalist economy and private property.
AO2: A positive view of capitalism and support for property ownership is echoed in all three strands of conservatism. All conservatives support private property as they support individuals as creators of wealth.
AO3: We can conclude that all conservatives support capitalism and private property.
Mark scheme: disagreement
AO1: Beyond law and order, the role of the state is contested within conservatism.
AO2: Traditional conservatives stress law and order as the first priority and are prepared to support a coercive state where necessary to ensure stability (Hobbes). In contrast, One Nation conservatives support a state that is paternalistic, to help the vulnerable to prevent revolution. There is a clear difference between them and the New Right, who desire a minimal state which encourages individual autonomy (Rand).
AO3: Thus it is clear that there is more disagreement than agreement in Conservatism over the role of the state.
AO1: There is a debate within conservatism over whether human nature is imperfect or atomistic.
AO2: Traditional and One Nation conservatives see humans as vulnerable, weak and imperfect (Oakeshott). In contrast, neoliberalism within the New Right stresses the need for atomistic individualism, arguing that the individual knows best (Nozick, Rand).
AO3: We can conclude that traditional and One Nation Conservatism disagree with the New Right over human nature.
AO1: There is disagreement within conservatism over a pragmatic or ideological support for capitalism.
AO2: While all conservatives support capitalism and private property, there is a clear divide between Traditional and One Nation conservatives and the New Right. Traditional and One Nation conservatives have a pragmatic approach to the economy, prepared to support welfare, when necessary, whereas New Right conservatives are ideologically committed to a free market and would not support restrictions on capitalism or the ownership of private property (Nozick).
AO3: We can come to the verdict that the conservatism is divided between its strands over an ideological v pragmatic commitment to capitalism.